When considering risk factors associated with serious chronic diseases, we often think about health indicators such as cholesterol, blood pressure, and body weight. But poor diet and physical inactivity also each increase the risk of heart disease and have a role to play in the development of some cancers. perhaps worse, the 26 effects of an unhealthy diet and insufficient exercise are not limited to your body. Recent research has also shown that 27 in a high-fat and high-sugar diet may have negative effects on your brain, causing learning and memory 28.
Studies have found obesity is associated with impairments in cognitive functioning, as 29 by a range of learning and memory tests, such as the ability to remember a list of words presented some minutes or hours earlier. There is also a growing body of evidence that diet-induced cognitive impairments can emerge 30—within weeks or even days. For example, one study found healthy adults 31 to a high-fat diet for five days showed impaired attention, memory, and mood compared with a low-fat diet control group. Another study also found eating a high-fat and high-sugar breakfast each day for as little as four days resulted in problems with learning and memory 32 to those observed in overweight and obese individuals.
Body weight was not hugely different between the groups eating a healthy diet and those on high fat and sugar diets. So this shows negative 33 of poor dietary intake can occur even when body weight has not changed 34. Thus, body weight is not always the best indicator of health and a thin person still needs to eat well and exercise 35.
A) assessed
B) assigned
C) consequences
D) conspicuously
E) deficits
F) designated
G) detrimental
H) digestion
I) excelling
J) indulging
K) loopholes
L) rapidly
M) redundant
N) regularly
O) similar
答案解析：
根据前文 ...poor diet and physical inactivity also each increase the risk...，可知不健康的饮食和缺乏锻炼是有害的。空格处需要一个形容词来修饰 effects(影响)。detrimental 意为有害的”，与后文的 negative effects 形成呼应，符合文意。所以选 G。
根据后文 ...in a high-fat and high-sugar diet may have negative effects...，可知沉溺于高脂肪、高糖的饮食会对大脑产生负面影响。空格处需要一个动名词形式。indulging (in) 意为沉溺于，放纵”，符合语境。所以选 J。
根据前文 ...negative effects on your brain, causing learning and memory...，可知不健康的饮食会对大脑造成负面影响，导致学习和记忆方面的问题。deficits 意为缺陷，不足”，learning and memory deficits 是一个固定搭配，指学习和记忆缺陷”，符合文意。所以选 E。
根据后文 ...by a range of learning and memory tests...，可知肥胖对认知功能的损害是通过一系列学习和记忆测试来衡量的。assessed 意为评估，评定”，assessed by tests 意为通过测试来评估”，符合语境。所以选 A。
根据后文 ...within weeks or even days.(在几周甚至几天内)”，可知饮食导致的认知损伤出现得非常快。rapidly 意为迅速地”，符合语境。所以选 L。
根据前文 ...healthy adults... to a high-fat diet for five days...，可知在研究中，健康的成年人被安排进行为期五天的高脂肪饮食。assigned to 意为被分配，被安排”，是描述实验分组时的常用表达，符合语境。所以选 B。
根据后文 ...to those observed in overweight and obese individuals.(与在超重和肥胖个体中观察到的问题)”，可知短期不健康饮食导致的问题与长期肥胖人群的问题具有可比性。similar to 意为与相似”，符合语境。所以选 O。
根据前文 ...negative... of poor dietary intake can occur...，可知即使体重没有显著变化，不良饮食摄入的负面后果依然会发生。consequences 意为后果”，与 negative 搭配，指负面后果”，符合文意。所以选 C。
根据前文 ...even when body weight has not changed...，可知不良饮食的负面影响在体重没有发生显著变化时也会出现。conspicuously 意为显著地，明显地”，符合语境。所以选 D。
根据前文 ...a thin person still needs to eat well and exercise...，可知文章最后给出建议，即瘦人也需要健康饮食和定期锻炼。regularly 意为定期地，有规律地”，是描述锻炼习惯的常用副词，符合语境。所以选 N。
