2015年6月第一套
Innovation, the elixir (灵丹妙药) of progress, has always cost people their jobs. In the Industrial Revolution hand weavers were __26__ aside by the mechanical loom. Over the past 30 years the digital revolution has __27__ many of the mid-skill jobs that supported 20th-century middle-class life. Typists, ticket agents, bank tellers and many production-line jobs have been dispensed with, just as the weavers were.
For those who believe that technological progress has made the world a better place, such disruption is a natural part of rising __28__ . Although innovation kills some jobs, it creates new and better ones, as a more __29__ society becomes richer and its wealthier inhabitants demand more goods and services. A hundred years ago one in three American workers was __30__ on a farm. Today less than 2% of them produce far more food. The millions freed from the land were not rendered __31__, but found better-paid work as the economy grew more sophisticated. Today the pool of secretaries has __32__, but there are ever more computer programmers and web designers.
Optimism remains the right starting-point, but for workers the dislocating effects of technology may make themselves evident faster than its __33__ Even if new jobs and wonderful products emerge, in the short term income gaps will widen, causing huge social dislocation and perhaps even changing politics. Technology’s __34__ will feel like a tornado (旋风)，hitting the rich world first, but __35__ sweeping through poorer countries too. No government is prepared for it.
A) benefits B) displaced C) employed D) eventually E) impact
F) jobless G) primarily H) productive I) prosperity J) responsive
K) rhythm L) sentiments M) shrunk N) swept O) withdrawn
2015年6月第二套
“That which does not kill us makes us stronger.” But parents can’t handle it when teenagers put this __26__ into practice. Now technology has become the new field for the age-old battle between adults and their freedom-seeking kids.
Locked indoors, unable to get on their bicycles and hang out with their friends, teens have turned to social media and their mobile phones to socialize with their peers. What they do online often __27__ what they might otherwise do if their mobility weren’t so heavily __28__ in the age of helicopter parenting. Social media and smart-phone apps have become so popular in recent years because teens need a place to call their own. They want the freedom to __29__ their identity and the world around them. instead of __30__ out, they jump online.
As teens have moved online, parents have projected their fears onto the Internet, imagining all the __31__ dangers that youth might face —from __32__ strangers to cruel peers to pictures or words that could haunt them on Google for the rest of their lives.
Rather than helping teens develop strategies for negotiating public life and the risks of __33__ with others, fearful parents have focused on tracking, monitoring and blocking. These tactics(策略)don’t help teens develop the skills they need to manage complex social situations, __34__ risks and get help when they’re in trouble. “Protecting” kids may fed like the right thing to do, but it __35__ the learning that teens need to do as they come of age in a technology-soaked world.
A) assess B) constrained C) contains D) explore E) influence
F) interacting G) interpretation H) magnified I) mirrors J) philosophy
K) potential L) sneaking M) sticking N) undermines O) violent
2015年6月第三套
Travel websites have been around since the 1990s, when Expedia, Travelocity, and other holiday booking sites were launched, allowing travelers to compare flight and hotel prices with the click of a mouse. With information no longer__26__by travel agents or hidden in business networks, the travel industry was revolutionized, as greater transparency helped __27__ prices.
Today, the industry is going through a new revolution—this time transforming service quality. Online rating platforms— __28__ in hotels, restaurants, apartments, and taxis—allow travelers to exchange reviews and experiences for all to see.
Hospitality businesses are now ranked, analyzed, and compared not by industry __29__, but by the very people for whom the service is intended—the customer. This has __30__ a new relationship between buyer and seller. Customers have always voted with their feet; they can now explain their decision to anyone who is interested. As a result, businesses are much more __31__, often in very specific ways, which creates powerful __32__ to improve service.
Although some readers might not care for gossipy reports of unfriendly bellboys(行李员)in Berlin or malfunctioning hotel hairdryers in Houston, the true power of online reviews lies not just in the individual stories, but in the websites’ __33__ to aggregate a large volume of ratings.
The impact cannot be __34__. Businesses that attract top ratings can enjoy rapid growth, as new customers are attracted by good reviews and __35__ provide yet more positive feedback. So great is the influence of online ratings that many companies now hire digital reputation managers to ensure a favorable online identity.
A) accountable B) capacity C) controlled D) entail E) forged
F) incentives G) occasionally H) overstated I) persisting J) pessimistic
K) professionals L) slash M) specializing N) spectators O) subsequently
2015年12月第一套
According to a report from the Harvard School of Public Health, many everyday products, including some bug sprays and cleaning fluids, could lead to an increased risk of brain and behavioral disorders in children. The developing brain, the report says, is particularly __26__ to the toxic effects of certain chemicals these products may contain, and the damage they cause can be __27__ .
The official policy, however, is still evolving. Health and environmental __28__ have long urged US government agencies to __29__ the use of some of the 11 chemicals the report cites and called for more studies on their long-term effects. In 2001, for example, the Environmental protection agency 30 the type and amount of lead that could be present in paint and soil in homes and child-care 31 , after concerns were raised about lead poisoning. The agency is now _32__ the toxic effects of some of the chemicals in the latest report.
But the threshold for regulation is high. Because children’s brain and behavioral disorders, like hyperactivity and lower grades, can also be linked to social and genetic factors? It’s tough to pin them on exposure to specific chemicals with solid __33__ evidence, which is what the EPA requires. Even the Harvard study did not prove a direct 34 but noted strong associations between exposure and risk of behavioral issues.
Nonetheless, it’s smart to __35__ caution. While it may be impossible to prevent kids from drinking tap water that may contain trace amounts of chemicals, keeping kids away from lawns recently sprayed with chemicals and freshly dry-cleaned clothes can’t hurt.
A) advocates B) compact C) correlation D) exercise E) facilities
F) interaction G) investigating H) overwhelmed I) particles J) permanent
K) restricted L) simulating M) statistical N) tighten O) vulnerable
2015年12月第二套
It seems to be a law in the technology industry that leading companies eventually lose their positions, often quickly and brutally. Mobile phone champion Nokia, one of Europe’s biggest technology success stories, was no __26__ , losing its market share in just a few years.
In 2007, Nokia accounted for more than 40% of mobile phone sales __27__. But consumers’ preferences were already __28__ toward touch-screen smartphones. With the introduction of Apple’s iPhone in the middle of that year, Nokia’s market share __29__ rapidly and revenue plunged. By the end of 2013, Nokia had sold its phone business to Microsoft.
What sealed Nokia’s fate was a series of decisions made by Stephen Elop in his position as CEO, which he __30__ in October 2010. Each day that Elop spent in charge of Nokia, the company’s market value declined by $ 23 million, making him, by the numbers, one of the worst CEOs in history.
But Elop was not the only person at __31__. Nokia’s board resisted change, making it impossible for the company to adapt to rapid shifts in the industry. Most __32__, Jorma Ollila, who had led Nokia’s transition from an industrial company to a technology giant, was too fascinated by the company’s __33__ success to recognize the change that was needed to sustain its competitiveness.
The company also embarked on a __34__ cost-cutting program, which included the elimination of thousands of jobs. This contributed to the __35__ of the company’s once-spirited culture, which had motivated employees to take risks and make miracles. Good leaders left the company, taking Nokia’s sense of vision and direction with them. Not surprisingly, much of Nokia’s most valuable design and programming talent left as well.
A) assumed B) bias C) desperate D) deterioration E) exception
F) fault G) incidentally H) notably I) previous J) relayed
K) shifting L) shrank M) subtle N) transmitting O) worldwide
答案解析：
2015年6月第一套
26. N根据“hand weavers”以及“by the mechanical loom”，可知手工织布工被机械织布机取代了，也就是被挤到了一边，“swept aside”表示“把…挤到一边;摒弃”，所以选N。
27. B根据后文 "many of the mid-skill jobs... have been dispensed with" ，可知，数字革命让许多中等技能的就业岗位不复存在，所以选B displaced (取代)。
28. I根据前文 "technological progress has made the world a better place" (技术进步让世界变得更美好) 和后文 "a more... society becomes richer" (一个更...的社会变得更富裕)，可知这种颠覆是经济繁荣”上升过程中的自然部分。所以选 prosperity。
29. H根据后文 "becomes richer" (变得更富裕)，可知一个社会之所以能变得更富有，是因为其生产力”提高了。"productive" 意为多产的，生产力高的”，符合逻辑。
30. C根据句意 "one in three American workers was... on a farm" (三分之一的美国工人...在农场里)，可知此处描述的是被雇佣”的状态。"be employed in" 意为在...领域工作”，所以选 employed。
31. F 根据后文 "but found better-paid work" (但找到了薪水更高的工作)，可知此处需要一个与找到工作”相反的词，表示那些离开土地的人并没有变得失业”。所以选 jobless。
32. M根据后文 "but there are ever more computer programmers and web designers" (但有越来越多的计算机程序员和网页设计师)，可知秘书这个群体的规模已经缩小”了。所以选 shrunk。
33. A 根据前文 "dislocating effects of technology may make themselves evident faster" (技术的破坏性效应可能显现得更快)，可知此处需要一个与 effects (负面效应) 相对的词，表示技术的好处”显现得较慢。所以选 benefits。
34. E 根据后文 "will feel like a tornado" (感觉会像一场龙卷风)，可知此处需要一个词来概括技术带来的巨大冲击力”。"impact" 意为影响，冲击”，符合语境。
35. D根据前文 "hitting the rich world first" (首先冲击富裕国家)，可知此处需要一个副词来表示这种冲击最终”也会席卷贫穷国家。所以选 eventually。
2015年6月第二套
26. J根据上下文，开篇引用了一句名言“Those which does not kill us makes us stronger”(杀不死我们的，会让我们更强大)。这句话代表的是一种人生哲理或信条。空格前的代词 "this" 指代的就是这句话所蕴含的思想。因此，"philosophy"(哲学，信条)最符合语境。
27. I空格前是主语 "What they do online"(他们在网上做的事)，空格后是宾语 "what they might otherwise do"(他们本可能会做的事)。这句话在比较线上行为和线下行为。根据后文“如果他们的行动自由没有被如此限制”，可知线上行为是线下行为的反映或镜像。"mirrors"(反映，映照)能准确表达这种对应关系。
28. B空格前是副词 "heavily"(严重地)，后文提到了“直升机式育儿”(helicopter parenting)，这是一种过度保护、严格控制孩子自由的育儿方式。因此，青少年的行动自由(mobility)是被严重限制了。"constrained"(限制，约束)符合此意。
29. D空格前是 "freedom to"(做……的自由)，后接 "their identity and the world around them"(他们的身份和周围的世界)。青少年需要自由去探索自我和世界，这是一个非常常见的搭配。"explore"(探索)是最佳选择。
30. L根据前文，青少年被锁在室内，不能骑自行车和朋友出去玩。空格处与 "jump online"(跳到网上)形成对比，构成 "Instead of doing A, they do B"(不是做A，而是做B)的结构。他们本应是偷偷溜出去玩，现在则转而上网。"sneaking out"(溜出去，偷偷跑出去)是固定搭配，符合语境。
31. K"potential"(潜在的)用来修饰 "dangers" 非常贴切。
32. O空格后是名词 "strangers"(陌生人)。这里列举了父母想象中的网络危险，从……的陌生人，到刻薄的同龄人。通常在网络语境下，父母最担心的陌生人之一就是有暴力倾向的。"violent"(暴力的)符合这种担忧的语境。
33. F 空格前是介词 "of"，后接 "with others"(与他人)。这句话在讨论青少年需要学习应对公共生活和与他人交往的风险。"interacting with others"(与他人互动/交往)是固定搭配，符合句意。
34. A空格前是逗号，与 "managing complex social situations"(处理复杂社交局面)和 "get help when they’re in trouble"(遇到麻烦时求助)构成并列关系，都是青少年需要发展的技能。在复杂局面中，他们需要学会评估风险。"assess risks"(评估风险)是常用搭配。
35. N空格前是主语 "it"(指代前文的“保护”行为)，空格后是 "the learning"(青少年需要的学习)。这句话是全文的结论：保护行为感觉上是对的，但实际上却损害/削弱了青少年必要的学习过程。"undermines"(削弱，损害)能准确表达这种消极影响。
2015年6月第三套
26. C根据 "With information no longer... by travel agents or hidden in business networks"(信息不再被旅行社...或隐藏在商业网络中)，可知这里需要一个表示“掌控、控制”的词，与后文的“隐藏”并列，共同描述信息在旧模式下的状态。所以选 "controlled"。
27. L 根据 "greater transparency helped... prices"(更高的透明度有助于...价格)，可知信息透明化带来的直接结果就是价格下降。在商业语境中，"slash prices" 是一个固定搭配，意为“大幅降价”，非常符合文意。所以选 "slash"。
28. M 空格后是 "in hotels, restaurants, apartments, and taxis"，这明显是在具体说明这些在线评价平台的专长领域。因此，需要一个现在分词作后置定语，修饰 "platforms"，表示“专注于...的”。所以选 "specializing"。
29. K 根据 "not by industry..., but by the very people for whom the service is intended—the customer"(不再由行业...，而是由服务的最终对象——顾客来评判)，可知这里是在进行对比，与“顾客”相对的应该是“专业人士”或“业内人士”。所以选 "professionals"。
30. E 根据 "This has... a new relationship between buyer and seller"(这...了买卖双方之间的一种新关系)，可知这种评价体系“建立”或“缔造”了一种前所未有的新关系。"forged"(缔造，建立)比简单的 "created" 更有力度，强调关系的牢固性。所以选 "forged"。
31. A根据 "businesses are much more..., often in very specific ways"(企业变得更加...，而且常常是在非常具体的方面)，以及后文“这创造了强大的...去改善服务”，可知顾客的评价让企业必须对自己的行为负责，变得更加“有责任感的”或“可问责的”。所以选 "accountable"。
32. F 根据 "which creates powerful... to improve service"(这创造了强大的...去改善服务)，可知企业因被问责而产生了改善服务的动力或诱因。"incentives"(激励，动力)符合语境。所以选 "incentives"。
33. B根据 "the websites’... to aggregate a large volume of ratings"(网站...大量评价数据的能力)，可知这里需要一个名词，表示网站所具备的“能力”或“容量”。所以选 "capacity"。
34. H根据 "The impact cannot be..."(这种影响不能被...)，结合后文“获得高评分的企业可以享受快速增长”等巨大影响的描述，可知这种影响是巨大的，不容“夸大”或“言过其实”。所以选 "overstated"。
35. O 根据 "new customers are attracted by good reviews and... provide yet more positive feedback"(新客户被好评吸引，并且...提供更多正面反馈)，可知“被吸引”和“提供反馈”是两个先后发生的动作，新客户在成为顾客之后，才会去写评价。所以选 "subsequently"(随后，接着)。
2015年12月第一套
26. O根据空格前的系动词 is 和空格后的介词 to，可知此处需要一个形容词。句意是，发育中的大脑对这些产品中某些化学物质的毒性作用尤其____”。结合后文提到的 damage (伤害)”，可以推断大脑是易受伤害的”。vulnerable (易受伤害的，脆弱的) 符合句意。所以选 O) vulnerable。
27. J根据空格前的情态动词 can be 和空格后的名词 damage，可知此处需要一个形容词来修饰 damage。句意是，它们造成的伤害可能是____的”。结合常识和后文提到的对儿童大脑的长期影响”，可以推断这种伤害可能是永久的”。permanent (永久的，持久的) 符合句意。所以选 J) permanent。
28. A根据空格前的并列连词 and 和空格后的谓语动词 have urged，可知此处需要一个与 health and environmental”并列的名词，指代某类人或组织。句意是，健康和环境的____们长期以来一直敦促...”。advocates (倡导者，拥护者) 符合句意，指环保倡导者。所以选 A) advocates。
29. N根据空格前的动词不定式 to 和空格后的名词 the use，可知此处需要一个动词原形。句意是，...敦促美国政府机构____报告中提到的11种化学品中某些的使用”。结合后文关于限制铅含量的例子，可以推断是收紧、限制”使用。tighten (收紧，加强) 符合句意，常与 regulations, rules, use 等搭配。所以选 N) tighten。
30. K根据空格前的主语 The Environmental Protection Agency 和空格后的宾语 the type and amount of lead，可知此处需要一个动词的过去式。句意是，环保局____了油漆和土壤中铅的类型和含量”。结合语境，环保局采取的措施应是限制”。restricted (限制) 符合句意。所以选 K) restricted。
31. E根据空格前的名词 child-care，可知此处需要一个名词，与 homes (家庭) 并列，构成 homes and child-care ____”。句意是，家庭和儿童保育____中的油漆和土壤”。facilities (设施，场所) 符合句意，指托儿所等机构。所以选 E) facilities。
32. G根据空格前的 is now 和空格后的宾语 the toxic effects，可知此处需要一个动词的现在分词形式，构成现在进行时。句意是，该机构现在正在____最新报告中一些化学物质的毒性作用”。根据语境，环保局在研究这些化学物质。investigating (调查，研究) 符合句意。所以选 G) investigating。
33. M根据空格前的形容词 solid 和空格后的名词 evidence，可知此处需要一个形容词来修饰 evidence (证据)。句意是，很难将这些问题归咎于特定化学物质的接触，因为缺乏确凿的____证据”。后文提到哈佛研究没有证明直接因果关系，只证明了强关联”，这属于统计学范畴。statistical (统计的) 符合句意。所以选 M) statistical。
34. C根据空格前的形容词 direct 和空格后的 but，可知此处需要一个名词。句意是，哈佛研究没有证明直接的____，但指出了接触和行为问题之间的强关联”。根据 but”的转折，前面应该是比 association (关联) 更强的因果关系”，但研究未能证明，所以证明的是关联”本身。correlation (相关性，关联) 符合句意。所以选 C) correlation。
35. D根据空格后的名词 caution，可知此处需要一个动词。句意是，无论如何，____谨慎是明智的”。exercise caution 是一个固定搭配，意为保持谨慎，采取谨慎态度”。所以选 D) exercise。
2015年12月第二套
26. E根据空格前的 no 可知，此处需要一个名词。文章首句提到科技行业有一个定律”：巨头公司最终会失去领导地位。接着以诺基亚为例，所以诺基亚并非特例”。所以选 E) exception。
27. O根据空格前的 sales 可知，此处需要一个形容词或副词来修饰 sales。句意是，在2007年，诺基亚占到了手机销量的40%以上”。结合常识，诺基亚作为当时的巨头，其市场份额应是全球范围的。所以选 O) worldwide。
28. K根据空格前的 were already 可知，此处需要一个现在分词或形容词作表语。句意是，但消费者的偏好已经__28__向触摸屏智能手机”。选项中 K) shifting (转向，移动) 符合语境，表示消费者喜好的转变。所以选 K) shifting。
29. L根据空格前的 market share 和空格后的 rapidly 可知，此处需要一个动词作谓语。文章提到苹果iPhone的推出，对诺基亚造成了巨大冲击，其市场份额应该迅速下降”。所以选 L) shrank (收缩，减少)。
30. A根据空格后的 in October 2010 可知，此处需要一个动词作谓语。句意是，决定诺基亚命运的是CEO Stephen Elop做出的一系列决定，他于2010年10月__30__了该职位”。A) assumed (担任，承担) 符合语境，表示就任CEO职位。所以选 A) assumed。
31. F根据空格前的 at 可知，此处需要一个名词。句意是，但Elop并不是唯一有__31__的人”。后文提到诺基亚董事会也抵制变革，说明Elop并非唯一的责任人。at fault 是固定搭配，意为有过错，应受责备”。所以选 F) fault。
32. H根据空格后的逗号和 Jorma Ollila 这一人名可知，此处需要一个副词，用于引出一个具体且重要的例子。H) notably (尤其，特别地) 符合语境，表示在所有有责任的人中，Jorma Ollila 尤其突出。所以选 H) notably。
33. I根据空格后的 success 可知，此处需要一个形容词来修饰 success。句意是，Jorma Ollila 过于迷恋公司____的成功，以至于没能认识到变革的必要性”。这里的成功”指的是他带领诺基亚转型后取得的、在iPhone出现之前的辉煌成就。所以选 I) previous (之前的，以往的)。
34. C根据空格后的 cost-cutting program 可知，此处需要一个形容词来修饰这个项目”。文章描述了诺基亚的困境，其采取的成本削减计划应该是为了挽救危局而采取的孤注一掷”的措施。所以选 C) desperate (绝望的，拼命的)。
35. D根据空格前的 the 和空格后的 of 可知，此处需要一个名词。句意是，这项成本削减计划导致了公司曾经充满活力的文化的____”。后文提到优秀员工离开，公司失去愿景，说明企业文化在恶化、衰退。所以选 D) deterioration (恶化，衰退)。
