Can societies be rich and green?
[A] “If our economies are to flourish, if global poverty is to be eliminated and if the well-being of the world’s people enhanced～not just in this generation but in succeeding generations—we must make sure we take care of the natural environment and resources on which our economic activity depends. ” that statement comes not, as you might imagine, from a stereotypical tree—hugging. Save-the-world-greenie(环保主义者), but from Gordon Brown, a politician with a reputation for rigour thoroughness and above all, caution.
[B] A surprising thing for the man who runs one of the world’s most powerful economies to say?Perhaps：though in the run-up to the five—year review of the Millennium(千年的)Goals, he is far from alone. The roots of his speech, given in March at the round table meeting of environment and energy ministers from the G20 group of nations, stretch back to 1972, and the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm.
[C] “The protection and improvement of the human environment is a major issue which affects the well-being of peoples and economic development throughout the world, ”read the final declaration from this gathering, the first of a sequence which would lead to the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit in 1992 and the World Development Summit in Johannesburg three years ago.
[D] Hunt through the reports prepared by UN agencies and development groups—many for conferences such as this year’s Millennium Goals review—and you will find that the linkage between environmental protection and economic progress is a common thread.
[E] Managing ecosystems sustainably is more profitable than exploiting them, according to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. But finding hard evidence to support the thesis is not so easy. Thoughts turn first to some sort of global statistic, some indicator which would rate the wealth of nations in both economic and environmental terms and show a relationship between the two.
[F] If such an indicator exists, it is well hidden. And on reflection, this is not surprising;the single word“environment”has so many dimensions. and there are so many other factors affecting wealth—such as the oil deposits—that teasing out a simple economy-environment relationship would be almost impossible.
[G] The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, a vast four—year global study which reported its initial conclusions earlier this year,found reasons to believe that managing ecosystems sustainably—working with nature rather than against it—might be less profitable in the short term, but certainly brings long-term rewards.
[H] And the World Resources Institute(WRI)in its World Resources 2005 report, issued at the end of August, produced several such examples from Africa and Asia;it also demonstrated that environmental degradation affects the poor more than the rich, as poorer people derive a much higher proportion of their income directly from the natural resources around them.
[I] But there are also many examples of growing wealth by trashing the environment, in rich and poor parts of the world alike, whether through unregulated mineral extraction, drastic water use for agriculture, slash—and—bum farming, or fossil-fuel-guzzling(大量消耗)transport. Of course, such growth may not persist in the long term—which is what Mr. Brown and the Stockholm declaration were both attempting to point out. perhaps the best example of boom growth and bust decline is the Grand Banks fishery. For almost five centuries a very large supply of cod(鳕鱼)provided abundant raw material for an industry which at its peak employed about 40, 000 people, sustaining entire communities in Newfoundland. Then, abruptly,the cod population collapsed. There were no longer enough fish in the sea for the stock to maintain itself,let alone an industry. More than a decade later,there was no sign of the ecosystem rebuilding itself. It had, apparently,been fished out of existence;and the once mighty Newfoundland fleet now gropes about frantically for crab on the sea floor.
[J] There is a view that modem humans are inevitably sowing the seeds of a global Grand Banks-style disaster. The idea is that we are taking more out of what you might call the planet’s environmental bank balance than it can sustain;we are living beyond our ecological means. One recent study attempted to calculate the extent of this“ecological overshoot of the human economy”, and found that we are using 1.2 Earth’s—worth of environmental goods and services—the implication being that at some point the debt will be called in. and all those services—the things which the planet does for us for free—will grind to a halt.
[K] Whether this is right, and if so where and when the ecological axe will fall, is hard to determine with any precision—which is why governments and financial institutions are only beginning to bring such risks into their economic calculations. It is also the reason why development agencies are not united in their view of environmental issues;while some, like the WRI,maintain that environmental progress needs to go hand-in-hand with economic development, others argue that the priority is to build a thriving economy, and then use the wealth created to tackle environmental degradation.
[L]This view assumes that rich societies will invest in environmental care. But is this right?Do things get better or worse as we get richer?Here the Stockholm declaration is ambiguous. “In the developing countries, ”it says, “most of the environmental problems are caused by under—development. ”So it is saying that economic development should make for a cleaner world?Not necessarily;“In the industrialised countries, environmental problems are generally related to industrialisation and technological development, ”it continues. In other words, poor and rich both over-exploit the natural world, but for different reasons. It’s simply not true that economic growth will surely make our world cleaner.
[M] Clearly,richer societies are able to provide environmental improvements which lie well beyond the reach of poorer communities. Citizens of wealthy nations demand national parks, clean rivers, clean air and poison-free food. They also, however,use far more natural resources—fuel, water(all those baths and golf courses)and building materials.
[N]A case can be made that rich nations export environmental problems, the most graphic example being climate change. As a country’s wealth grows, so do its greenhouse gas emissions. The figures available will not be completely accurate. Measuring emissions is not a precise science, particularly when it comes to issues surrounding land use;not all nations have released up-to-date data, and in any case, emissions from some sectors such as aviation are not included in national statistics. But the data is exact enough for a clear trend to be easily discernible. As countries become richer,they produce more greenhouse gases;and the impact of those gases will fall primarily in poor parts of the world.
[O]Wealth is not, of course, the only factor involved. The average Norwegian is better off than the average US citizen, but contributes about half as much to climate change. But could Norway keep its standard of living and yet cut its emissions to Moroccan or even Ethiopian levels?That question, repeated across a dozen environmental issues and across our diverse planet, is what will ultimately determine whether the human race is living beyond its ecological means as it pursues economic revival.
36. Examples show that both rich and poor countries exploited the environment for economic progress.
37. Environmental protection and improvement benefit people all over the world.
38. It is not necessarily true that economic growth will make our world cleaner.
39. The common theme of the UN reports is the relation between environmental protection and economic growth.
40. Development agencies disagree regarding how to tackle environment issues while ensuring economic progress.
41. It is difficult to find solid evidence to prove environmental friendliness generates more profits than exploiting the natural environment.
42. Sustainable management of ecosystems will prove rewarding in the long run.
43. A politician noted for being cautious asserts that sustainable human development depends on the natural environment.
44. Poor countries will have to bear the cost for rich nations’economic development.
45. One recent study warns us of the danger of the exhaustion of natural resources on Earth.
答案解析：
36. I由题干定位到I段。“But there are also many examples of growing wealth by trashing the environment, in rich and poor parts of the world alike...” 提到世界上有许多例子表明，无论贫富国家，都有通过破坏环境来发展经济的情况，所以选I。
37. C由题干定位到C段。“The protection and improvement of the human environment is a major issue which affects the well - being of peoples and economic development throughout the world” 提到环境保护和改善是影响全世界人民福祉和经济发展的重大问题，即对全世界人民有益，所以选C。
38. L由题干中的关键词“economic growth will make our world cleaner”定位到L段。“It’s simply not true that economic growth will surely make our world cleaner.” 明确提到经济增长不一定会让我们的世界更清洁，所以选L。
39. D由题干定位到D段。“Hunt through the reports prepared by UN agencies and development groups...and you will find that the linkage between environmental protection and economic progress is a common thread.” 提到联合国机构和发展团体准备的报告中，环境保护和经济发展之间的联系是共同线索，所以选D。
40. K由题干定位到K段。“while some, like the WRI, maintain that environmental progress needs to go hand - in - hand with economic development, others argue that the priority is to build a thriving economy, and then use the wealth created to tackle environmental degradation.” 提到发展机构在如何处理环境问题并确保经济发展方面存在分歧，所以选K。
41. E由题干定位到E段。“But finding hard evidence to support the thesis is not so easy.” 提到很难找到确凿证据证明可持续管理生态系统比开发利用自然环境更有利可图，所以选E。
42. G由题干定位到G段。“The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment...found reasons to believe that managing ecosystems sustainably...might be less profitable in the short term, but certainly brings long - term rewards.” 提到可持续管理生态系统短期内可能利润较少，但长期肯定有回报，所以选G。
43. A由题干定位到A段。“that statement comes not...but from Gordon Brown, a politician with a reputation for rigour thoroughness and above all, caution.” 以及后面他所说的话表明一个以谨慎著称的政治家认为可持续人类发展依赖于自然环境，所以选A。
44. N由题干定位到N段。“As countries become richer, they produce more greenhouse gases; and the impact of those gases will fall primarily in poor parts of the world.” 提到随着国家变富，产生的温室气体更多，而这些气体的影响主要落在世界贫困地区，即穷国要为富国的经济发展付出代价，所以选N。
45. J由题干定位到J段。“One recent study attempted to calculate the extent of this “ecological overshoot of the human economy”, and found that we are using 1.2 Earth’s - worth of environmental goods and services—the implication being that at some point the debt will be called in, and all those services—the things which the planet does for us for free—will grind to a halt.” 提到一项研究警告人类对地球环境资源的过度使用可能导致资源耗尽的危险，所以选J。
