独立

Based on the defining independent variable of the state in the equilibrium system, this paper discusses the relation between characteristic thermodynamic variable and independent variable of the one phase equilibrium system.

在确定平衡体系状态的独立自变量基础上，讨论了单相平衡体系热力学特征变量与独立自变量的关系，并说明多相平衡体系只有描述体系平衡状态的独立自变量，而无特征变量。

In order to protect the independent directors who bear liabilities because of negligence and encourage them to perform their duties reasonably and intrepidly, the independent directors' liability insurance comes into being thereout.

为了保护因过失、疏忽承担赔偿责任的独立董事，鼓励其大胆合理的履行职责，产生了减轻独立董事责任风险的独立董事责任保险。

There are four institutional barriers in implementing the independent director system in China: the barrier of corporate equity structure, the conflict between independent director system and board of supervisors system, the barrier of "independence" and the flaws in incentive and constraint mechanism.

我国目前实行独立董事制度存在四个制度性障碍：公司股权结构障碍、与公司监事会制度的冲突、独立董事的独立障碍和激励约束机制缺陷。