Tartars

In the 2nd year of Zhenming of the Later Liang ( 916), Yelu Abaoji, the chief of the Khitan Tartars, declared himself emperor and named his state Khitan, after having defeated other tribes like Cige and Died.

后梁贞明二年（916），契丹族首领耶律阿保机凭借强大的军事力量，击败了的剌葛、迭剌等人，在龙化州称天皇帝，国号契丹。

Meanwhile, the Khitan and Tartars in the north became increasingly strong. The frontier commanders and the Khitan Tartars joined forces and formed a big military group, burying the seeds for a later confrontation between the Song, the Liao and the Jin.

同时，北方的契丹人亦不断强大，他们互相勾结利用，逐步形成了一股强大的政治力量和军事集团，为以后宋、辽、金对峙形成中国历史上第二个南北朝，埋下了深深的祸根。

Ivaylo, who was so poor people actually referred to him as cabbage, was a late 13th century swineherd in Bulgaria, which just so happened to be a time and place frequented by the rampaging hordes of the Tartars.

伊瓦依洛（Ivaylo），这个由于太过贫穷而被人们被称作“卷心菜”的贫民，是13世纪末期保加利亚的一个猪倌。在他所处的时代和环境里，有许多凶恶的鞑靼人经常“光顾”保加利亚。